In France, under the Old Regime, the bulk (1360) and its increase (1663) are Aids rights on the goods collected by the king.
The gros is established in 1360, for the ransom of King John II the Good, taken prisoner at the Battle of Poitiers.
The wholesale was a twentieth of the sales price, the increase was a quarter of the gross.
The bulk is collected on all commodities, but from 1668 only on beverages, sea fish, forked cattle and wood.
They are collected by leasing.
They are due in the generalities of Amiens, Châlons, Paris and Soissons.
Normandy only pays the increase.
There are many local exemptions.
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